Police handcuffed multiple students, ages 6 to 11, at a public
elementary school in Murfreesboro on Friday, inspiring public outcry and
adding fuel to already heightened tensions between law enforcement and
communities of color nationwide.
The arrests at Hobgood
Elementary School occurred after the students were accused of not
stopping a fight that happened several days earlier off campus. A
juvenile center later released the students, but local community members
now call for action — police review of the incident and community
conversation — and social justice experts across the country use words
such as "startling" and "flabbergasted" in response to actions in the
case.
Parents and community members sharply criticized the
arrests of the students at a church meeting Sunday. The Murfreesboro
police chief on Sunday cited the incident as a learning experience, a
chance to "make things better so they don't happen again." The city
manager said Sunday: "If something needs to be corrected, it will be."
It remains unclear exactly how many children were arrested. State law
prohibits the release of juvenile law enforcement records, and police
have denied a media request for the information. Murfreesboro police
didn't say what state law the kids violated, but parents of several of
the arrested children say the kids were charged with "criminal
responsibility for conduct of another," which according to Tennessee
criminal offense code includes incidents when a "person fails to make a
reasonable effort to prevent" an offense.
At least five of the 10
children reportedly involved are black. The race of the arresting
officers is unknown. Police officials have said they plan to complete a
review of the arrest incident within the next 15 days.
At a time
of heightened tension in the country between police and the residents of
the neighborhoods they protect — particularly minority communities —
the incident raises concerns regarding several national issues,
including the over-disciplining of kids of color, the criminalization of
childhood behaviors and the growing mistrust some residents have with
law enforcement.
"It's unimaginable, unfathomable that authority
figures would ... do something that has such implications," said Bishop
Joseph Walker III, pastor of Mt. Zion Baptist Church of Nashville. "When
we, as a community, are telling our kids don’t get involved in violence
and don’t get in harm's way, (arresting them for not intervening) is
the most amazing paradox of our society — and it is devastating to us."
Children,
by definition, are immature, said Stephanie Bohon, an associate
professor of sociology at the University of Tennessee-Knoxville and the
founder of the school's Center for the Study of Social Justice. It's
appropriate to ground them or give them detention, she said, but "when
you deal with that kind of behavior by handcuffing children and running
them through the legal system, the first thing they learn is the police
are there to punish them, and they are not there to help them."
Children should be held to a different standard when it comes to accountability, Walker said.
"They
don’t have the maturity to understand certain situations," like when to
intervene, he said. And to be arrested for not taking action, "They
will be forever scarred because of that."
More than 150 people,
almost entirely African-American, gathered at First Baptist Church in
Murfreesboro on Sunday afternoon to discuss the incident. One attendee
asked why the charges against the children could not be dismissed.
In
addition to angry parents and supporters, Murfreesboro Police Chief
Karl Durr and City Manager Rob Lyons were in the crowd. Christopher
Williams, the school safety and education officer at Hobgood on the day
of the incident, said that the Hobgood administration and office staff
"handled the situation as wonderfully and as good as they could have."
A
video was taken of the incident, and officers later obtained arrest
warrants for students who did not break up the disturbance, said the
Rev. James McCarroll, pastor of First Baptist Church. Information about
who took the video and how the police obtained it is not clear.
Such
arrests, experts say, can damage a decades-old movement by many police
forces working to build trust in their districts using community
policing.
Fundamentally, community policing is a proactive
partnership with citizens to address public safety issues that induce
crime, fear and social disorder. It involves police transparency and
collective problem-solving where police engage with residents outside of
typical law enforcement interactions to address worrisome conditions.
When
it works well, the practice helps community members assist police in
controlling crime in their neighborhoods. Residents feel valued and
validated, and they are invested in the actions and outcomes, rather
than feeling that officers only enforce laws with aggressive actions,
such as bullying, handcuffs, guns and abuse.
But, with headlines
dominated by incidents such as the shooting death of Trayvon Martin and
the unrest in Ferguson, Mo., relationships between police and the
residents of the neighborhoods they protect — particularly minority
communities — have become strained.
Nationally, the number of cases where students have been arrested for incidents on campus are plentiful.
One
such case in Baltimore parallels the one in Murfreesboro, where four
students younger than 10 were arrested at school for an incident that
occurred off campus.
In the 2012 case, Baltimore city police
charged four elementary school students with aggravated assault after a
fight and were arrested on the Morrell Park Elementary/Middle School
campus, according to WBAL-TV.
The American Civil Liberties Union
said they were outraged by actions of the officers involved, according
to reports. The police department, however, defended their actions
saying when there is an arrest that it’s their policy to arrest the
individual, regardless of the age, according to Baltimore’s WJZ TV.
In
Tennessee, police departments set their own policies and procedures for
detaining a student, according to Maggi Duncan, executive director of
the Tennessee Association of Chiefs of Police.
The number of incidents involving young children arrested doesn't raise eyebrows among societal experts.
"Unfortunately,
I am not surprised," said Victor Rios, professor of sociology at
University of California Santa Barbara. Rios is author of the book
Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys (NYU Press, 2011)
and analyzes how juvenile crime policies and criminalization affect the
everyday lives of urban youth.
Nationally, Rios said, experts see
the collapse of school-based discipline, with educational systems
relying more on criminal justice-based punishment where a teacher may
call or text a school resource officer for a fistfight or even a
spitball flung across the room. In the 1970s, less than 30 percent of
high schools across the country had school resource officers, but today
70 percent of schools do, Rios said.
And students often get mixed messages. They are taught to be active bystanders, but then are punished when they don't step in.
"It's
counterproductive," Rios said. "It's teaching them the reverse. You
can’t teach people to be peacemakers by violating their own peace,
threatening them and making them feel terrified.
"It's time this behavior towards children and young people stop."
Walker agrees: "Yes, this is righteous anger," Walker said. "They are looking for solutions. Looking for accountability.
"Those
of us who continue to work tirelessly at bringing the community
together to deal with these difficult issues feel a tremendous blow has
come to the work we attempted to do."
So what comes next?
Children
should be exposed to what Rios calls restorative justice. Instead of
calling police, kids who are caught engaging in or watching a fight and
not stopping it should be approached by a facilitator — something known
in the business world as conflict resolution and in the therapy world as
group therapy. Kids should be asked what happened and then help them
learn the lesson: "Hey, you didn’t stop that fight," Rios said. "Let's
talk about that. What can you do to improve?"
And in the community, what can be done to improve there?
"Really,
it takes leadership," said Gary Howard, an educator with more than 40
years of experience working with issues of civil rights, social justice
and diversity, including 28 years as the founder of the REACH Center for
Multicultural Education in Seattle.
Leadership, he said, from police, the black community, the white community, public officers and officials.
"Rather
than it being a race-based contentious issue, we as a community have to
learn from and with each other so we can not just heal this situation
but the larger issues that this situation touches.
"The worst thing to do is blame and denial. Trying to blame kids, police, anybody."
Being
proactive together, he said, could be a catalyst for conversation and a
catalyst for growth within the community. A coalition of concern.