While severing someone’s head and attaching it to another person’s body
sounds like something straight out of a science fiction or horror movie,
some real-life scientists say they are planning to do just that – as
early as next year.
Italian neuroscientist Dr. Sergio Canavero made headlines last year when he announced his plans to perform the first human head transplant
in 2017. Since then, he’s recruited Chinese surgeon Dr. Xiaoping Ren to
work with him, and now has found a volunteer patient for the procedure:
a Russian man named Valery Spiridonov.
Spiridonov suffers from
Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease, a rare and often fatal genetic disorder that
breaks down muscles and kills nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord
that help the body move. Spiridonov is confined to a wheelchair; his
limbs are shriveled and his movements essentially limited to feeding
himself, typing, and controlling his wheelchair with a joystick.
In
its September issue, The Atlantic profiles Spiridonov and the two
scientists who hope to perform the experimental – and highly
controversial – procedure.
“Removing all the sick parts but the
head would do a great job in my case,” Spiridonov told the magazine. “I
couldn’t see any other way to treat myself.”
Many scientists have spoken out against Canavero and Ren’s plans, accusing them of promoting junk science
and creating false hopes. One critic went so far as to say the
scientists should be charged with murder if the patient dies, a very
likely outcome.
Canavero has published detailed plans for the
procedure, which has been successfully tested in mice, in several papers
published in the journal Surgical Neurology International.
First, like with other organ transplants, he and his team would need a suitable donor. This procedure would require a body from a young brain-dead male patient.
Once permission from the family is granted, the surgeons would set the body up for surgical decapitation.
At
the same time, Spiridonov would be brought in and another surgical team
would cool his body to 50 degrees Fahrenheit. This would delay tissue
death in the brain for about an hour, meaning the surgeons would need to
work quickly.
Using a transparent diamond blade, they would then
remove both patients’ heads from their bodies, ultimately severing their
spinal cords at the same time.
A custom-made crane would be used
to shift Spiridonov’s head – hanging by Velcro straps – onto the donor
body’s neck. The two ends of the spinal cord would then be fused
together with a chemical called polyethylene glycol, or PEG, which has
been shown to promote regrowth of cells that make up the spinal cord.
The
muscles and blood supply from the donor body would then be joined with
Spiridonov’s head, and he would be kept in a coma for three to four
weeks to prevent movement as he healed. Implanted electrodes would be
used to stimulate the spinal cord to strengthen new nerve connections.
Canavero
has said the transplant – which would require 80 surgeons and cost tens
of millions of dollars if approved – would have a “90 percent plus”
chance of success.
Yet many in the scientific community strongly disagree.
“It
is both rotten scientifically and lousy ethically,” Arthur Caplan, the
head of medical ethics at NYU Langone Medical Center, wrote in an
article for Forbes last year.
Dr. Jerry Silver, a neuroscientist
at Case Western Reserve whose work on repairing spinal cord injuries was
cited by Canavero, told CBS News in 2013 that the proposed transplant is “bad science. This should never happen.”
“Just to do the experiments is unethical,” he added.
Even in the unlikely event that the surgery worked, it raises further, uncharted ethical concerns.
For
example, Canavero is presuming that transplanting Spiridonov’s head and
brain onto another body would automatically transplant his whole self
with his mind, personality, and consciousness. But it’s not that simple,
as Anto Cartolovni and Antonio Spagnolo, two Italian bioethicists,
pointed out in a letter to Surgical Neurology International after
Canavero’s paper was published last year.
“Despite his
[Canavero’s] vision, modern cognitive science shows that our cognition
is an embodied cognition, in which the body is a real part in the
formation of human self,” they write. “Therefore, the person will
encounter huge difficulties to incorporate the new body in its already
existing body schema and body image that would have strong implications
on human identity.”
Furthermore, if Spiridonov were to reproduce
with his new body, his children would not have his genetic makeup but
that of the donor’s. What kind of rights, then, might the donor’s family
have to the offspring?
Finally, Cartolovni and Spagnolo argue
that because of the uncertainty of the operation, such a procedure would
take away vital donor organs that could have been used for someone else
who needed a heart or a liver transplant to save their lives.
If
approved, the procedure would likely take place in China or another
country outside of Europe or the United States, The Atlantic reports, as
it would not be approved in the Western world.